Ichma-ich tugmalar va «Ortga»: botda adashtirmaydigan navigatsiya

Bosh menyu          →  callback: "menu"
Kategoriya 5        →  callback: "cat:5"
Tovar 12 (5-katdan) →  callback: "prod:12:5"   ← qayerdan kelgani ham ichida

bot/
├── keyboards/
│   └── catalog.py      ← tugma quruvchilar
├── handlers/
│   └── navigation.py   ← ekranlar orasida yurish
├── utils/
│   ├── callbacks.py    ← callback satrlarini ajratish
│   └── screens.py      ← xavfsiz tahrirlash yordamchisi
└── app.py              ← botni ishga tushirish

# bot/keyboards/catalog.py
from aiogram.types import InlineKeyboardButton, InlineKeyboardMarkup


def categories_kb(categories: list[dict]) -> InlineKeyboardMarkup:
    rows = [
        [InlineKeyboardButton(text=c["name"], callback_data=f"cat:{c['id']}")] for c in categories
    ]
    return InlineKeyboardMarkup(inline_keyboard=rows)


def products_kb(products: list[dict], category_id: int) -> InlineKeyboardMarkup:
    rows = [
        # tovar tugmasi qayerdan ochilganini ham eslab qoladi
        [InlineKeyboardButton(text=p["name"], callback_data=f"prod:{p['id']}:{category_id}")]
        for p in products
    ]
    # "Ortga" — bu yerda bosh menyuga
    rows.append([InlineKeyboardButton(text="← Ortga", callback_data="menu")])
    return InlineKeyboardMarkup(inline_keyboard=rows)


def product_card_kb(category_id: int) -> InlineKeyboardMarkup:
    # tovardan ortga — aynan o'sha kategoriyaga
    return InlineKeyboardMarkup(
        inline_keyboard=[[InlineKeyboardButton(text="← Ortga", callback_data=f"cat:{category_id}")]]
    )

# bot/handlers/navigation.py
import logging

from aiogram import F, Router, html, types
from aiogram.filters import CommandStart, ExceptionTypeFilter

from bot.api.catalog import CatalogUnavailable, catalog
from bot.keyboards.catalog import categories_kb, product_card_kb, products_kb
from bot.utils.callbacks import parse_product_cb
from bot.utils.screens import show_screen

router = Router()
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


@router.message(CommandStart())
async def start(message: types.Message):
    # birinchi "ekran" — keyingi hamma bosishlar shu xabarni tahrirlaydi
    categories = await catalog.categories()
    await message.answer("Bo'limni tanlang:", reply_markup=categories_kb(categories))


@router.callback_query(F.data == "menu")
async def screen_menu(callback: types.CallbackQuery):
    categories = await catalog.categories()
    await show_screen(callback, "Bo'limni tanlang:", categories_kb(categories))


@router.callback_query(F.data.startswith("cat:"))
async def screen_category(callback: types.CallbackQuery):
    category_id = int(callback.data.split(":")[1])
    products = await catalog.products(category_id)
    await show_screen(callback, "Tovarlar:", products_kb(products, category_id))


@router.callback_query(F.data.startswith("prod:"))
async def screen_product(callback: types.CallbackQuery):
    product_id, category_id = parse_product_cb(callback.data)
    product = await catalog.product(product_id)
    # backend'dan kelgan matn HTML ichiga ekranlab qo'yiladi: nomdagi "&" yoki "<"
    # Telegram'ning HTML tahlilchisini sindirmasin
    text = (
        f"{html.bold(html.quote(product['name']))}\nNarxi: {html.quote(str(product['price']))} so'm"
    )
    await show_screen(callback, text, product_card_kb(category_id))


@router.error(ExceptionTypeFilter(CatalogUnavailable))
async def catalog_down(event: types.ErrorEvent):
    # 1-qismdagi try/except'ni har handler'da takrorlamaymiz: shu router'dagi
    # istalgan ekran backend yotganda shu yerga tushadi
    logger.error("Katalog API javob bermadi: %s", event.exception)
    text = "Katalog vaqtincha ishlamayapti, birozdan keyin urinib ko'ring."
    if event.update.callback_query:
        # alert ko'rsatadi va tugmadagi "yuklanmoqda" belgisini ham yopadi
        await event.update.callback_query.answer(text, show_alert=True)
    elif event.update.message:
        await event.update.message.answer(text)

# bot/app.py
import asyncio
import logging
import os

from aiogram import Bot, Dispatcher

from bot.handlers import navigation


async def main() -> None:
    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
    bot = Bot(os.environ["BOT_TOKEN"])
    dp = Dispatcher()
    dp.include_router(navigation.router)
    await dp.start_polling(bot)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(main())

BOT_TOKEN=... python -m bot.app

# bot/utils/screens.py
from aiogram import types
from aiogram.exceptions import TelegramBadRequest


async def show_screen(callback: types.CallbackQuery, text: str, keyboard) -> None:
    # 1-hiyla: answer() bo'lmasa, tugma ustida "soat" aylanaveradi —
    # Telegram bot javob berganini bilishi kerak
    await callback.answer()
    try:
        await callback.message.edit_text(text, reply_markup=keyboard, parse_mode="HTML")
    except TelegramBadRequest as exc:
        # 2-hiyla: foydalanuvchi bir tugmani ikki marta bossa, Telegram
        # "message is not modified" xatosini beradi. Bu haqiqiy xato emas —
        # ekran allaqachon kerakli holatda. Jimgina o'tkazib yuboramiz
        if "message is not modified" not in str(exc):
            raise

from aiogram.types import InputMediaPhoto

# rasmli ekranlar orasida yurish: matn emas, media tahrirlanadi
await callback.message.edit_media(
    InputMediaPhoto(media=product["image_url"], caption=text, parse_mode="HTML"),
    reply_markup=product_card_kb(category_id),
)

# bot/utils/callbacks.py
def parse_product_cb(data: str) -> tuple[int, int]:
    """'prod:12:5' -> (12, 5); format buzuq bo'lsa ValueError."""
    prefix, product_id, category_id = data.split(":")
    if prefix != "prod":
        raise ValueError(data)
    return int(product_id), int(category_id)

# tests/test_callbacks.py
import pytest

from bot.utils.callbacks import parse_product_cb


def test_product_callback_roundtrip():
    assert parse_product_cb("prod:12:5") == (12, 5)


def test_broken_callback_raises():
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        parse_product_cb("cat:5")

python -m pytest tests -q